viernes, 28 de noviembre de 2014

Metáforas del día a día

Solemos relacionar las metáforas exclusivamente con el lenguaje poético. Pero esta figura retórica (que consiste en una comparación que no se explicita: por ejemplo, cuando en vez de referirnos a los ojos hablamos de "dos luceros") impregna la lengua que usamos todos los días. Y, más todavía, según dicen los que saben, influye en la forma en que vemos las cosas: la metáfora moldea enteramente nuestro modo de pensar y percibir. 

Obra de Brian Kershinik
Así lo revelaron George Lakoff y Mark Johnson, cuando, luego de numerosos estudios lingüísticos, dieron cuenta de que en lo más habitual de nuestras comunicaciones podemos encontrar asociaciones muy arraigadas (ya naturalizadas) que evidencian el vínculo de fondo entre dos sentidos originalmente distintos.

Por ejemplo, estamos acostumbrados a presentar las discusiones como si fueran guerras: expresiones como "ese argumento es indefendible", "le encontré el punto débil", "dio en el blanco en su ataque" o "perdió la discusión" son de lo más frecuentes.

Medimos la categoría de “tiempo”, por su parte, como el dinero (en una cultura que, de hecho, paga por horas), por eso el tiempo "se pierde", "se gasta", "se gana", "se ahorra" o "se reserva". Y también se agradece ("gracias por su tiempo").

También podemos rastrear la asociación entre expresiones y recipientes, cuando hacemos referencia a palabras “con contenido" o, por el contrario, "huecas". En cuanto a las teorías y las ideas, son asociadas con distintos conceptos: edificaciones (con bases, apoyos, la posibilidad de ser débiles o sólidas, fuertes o proclives a derrumbarse), comidas (se tragan o no, tienen "mal sabor", se "devoran", "son sustanciosas") o seres vegetales (se describen como "fructíferas", se “plantan”, “ramifican”...).
 
Pasando a los humores, funciona siempre un parámetro básico: arriba siempre es positivo (feliz: el ánimo se "levanta") y abajo, lo contrario: se está "deprimido" o "caído".

En lo que respecta a los países y su clase política, su economía o su sociedad, se suelen tratar como organismos: gozan de buena salud,
tienen un cáncer, están corrompidos...

Y finalmente y sobre todo, la metáfora más integrada, desde Dante ("A mitad del camino de la vida", como comienza célebremente su Divina Comedia) y antes todavía, la vida como trayecto: se habla del inicio y del final de la vida, y cuando nos presentamos a trabajos presentamos nuestra "carrera de vida" (currículum vítae) u hoja de ruta.

La idea subyacente parece ser que cuando tenemos que lidiar con conceptos abstractos o complejos, nos los acercamos mediante asociaciones que nos resultan más próximas, más asibles, más representables. Y así formamos un base conceptual que es punto de apoyo (otra metáfora: ideas como soportes o fundamentos) de nuestras ideas.

¿Qué otras metáforas detectan camufladas en nuestra vida cotidiana? ¿Sería posible pensar sin estos paralelos? Lo seguimos conversando aquí.

62 comentarios:

  1. Las personalidades parecen tener algunas metáforas relacionadas con los estados de la materia (volátiles, frías, cálidas), aunque al ser una de las cosas más importantes de las que habla el ser humano (el otro), tienen un vocabulario propio, y esa parece ser la segunda gran estrategia del lenguaje para lidiar con lo complejo, si la metáfora no funciona, entonces creamos palabras (hay que intuir por lo menos que esto puede deberse a una cuestión “económica” del lenguaje, ya que crear e instalar una palabra en una cultura es mucho mas “caro” que crear una expresión pre construida , extender el significado de una palabra existente, o crear una metáfora o un refrán), personalmente creo que sería muy útil asignarle estados de la materia a los datos, esto quizás suceda en futuro cercano (lo que guardo en una llave USB es información “volátil”, mi backup es “solido”, lo que escribo en la red es “gaseoso”, o sea que se lo lleva el viento…)

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    Respuestas
    1. En lo referenta a las computadoras: el blog es un "sitio", los datos "pesan", los "virus" (organismos vivos?) son "maliciosos", "navegamos" por la "red". Está claro que es más fácil usar lo existente con otro significado.

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    2. En el idioma alemán (que tengo la desgracia de estar estudiando), se nota mucho este costo implícito de creación de palabras, por ejemplo, los dispositivos tecnológicos todavía están pagando su “derecho de piso” de pertenecer al lenguaje, salvo televiso (Fernseher), todos los demás tienen un guión intermedio (Video-Rekorder), “esto habla de un tiempo de instalación”, pero más allá del ámbito tecnológico que evoluciona mucho mas rápido que la cultura, la realidad se está volviendo mucho más compleja, el idioma finalmente va a tener que absorber esa complejidad de alguna manera, y la creación de nuevas palabras puede llegar a ser un asunto de sumo cuidado en un futuro no tan lejano.

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  2. elbien, ¡tal cual todo! En especial la aplicación del adjetivo "gaseoso" a la escritura virtual...

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    Respuestas
    1. Metafora sobre metafora, el "olor" de lo escrito (al fin y al cabo que es gaseoso) implicaria algun tipo de juicio de valor sobre el contenido, claro que lo primero que salta a la mente es grosero, pero tambien podria servir para elogiar...

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  3. La utilización tan frecuentemente de la metáfora fuera del ámbito poético, anula en la misma proporción, nuestra capacidad neuropsicologica evolutiva, para encontrar conclusiones bellas a la vez que eficaces, para dar respuestas a necesidades básicas que nos permitan tener el suficiente tiempo necesario, para que el ámbito poético sea parte esencial de nuestras vidas.

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  4. Se pueden expresar cosas tan hermosas con las metáforas, sobre todo cosas del amor. "Te busqué y no te vi, me dormí para encontrarte, y ahí estabas, descansando entre mis sueños, no quisiera despertar. Traté de convencerme que no podías ser más que un sueño, fuiste tan real que aún te siento a mi lado, aunque te vea de su mano.."

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